Title IX became a federal law under the Education Amendments in 1972. The principle of Title IX is to discourage the use of federal money to support gender discriminatory practices in education programs. Title IX applies to all aspects of federally funded education programs or activities. It also applies to all education and training programs operated by a recipient of federal financial assistance such as a health care or correctional facility.
The types of institutions and programs under the umbrella of Title IX are all public schools, colleges and universities, or any school or program that receives federal funds to run internships or school-to-work programs. Under the law, males and females are expected to receive fair and equal treatment in many areas including recruitment and admissions, programs and activities, course offerings and access, counseling, financial aid, housing, insurance benefits, scholarships, and athletics.
Within athletics, equal treatment for men and women applies to such aspects as coaching, equipment, travel per diem, medical/training facilities, and locker rooms.
It should be made clear that the actual amount of money spent on men's and women's programs may differ as long as the quality of facilities and services for each program achieve parity. For instance, men's football equipment costs more than field hockey equipment costs and therefore more money will be spent on the football team than the field hockey team. Title IX compliance is achieved as long as the equipment is of comparable quality.
From it's inception, Title IX has dramatically boosted the number of girls and women participating in athletics. In 1971, one year before Title IX was enacted, fewer than 300,000 high school girls nationwide played interscholastic sports, that amounted to 1 out of every 27 girls. Twenty-four years later, in 1995, the number of participants was 2.4 million, a ratio of 1 out of every 2.5 girls. The number of total female participants is even higher today at well over 2.7 million.
At the college level in 1971, approximately 31,852 athletes were women. In 1994, that number rose to 103,352. A 300% increase in 20+ years. In 1972, 2 was the average number of women's sports offered per school at the collegiate level. Today the average number of women's sports per school is up to 8.34.
Also in 1971, an estimated 50,000 men were attending US colleges and universities on athletic scholarships - fewer than 50 women were on them. Today women receive nearly 1/3 of all athletic scholarship dollars. Girls and women also are increasingly participants in sports that have traditionally been seen as men's sports including lacrosse, wrestling, soccer, rugby, and ice hockey.
Title IX is intended to expand opportunities for both men and women. There is a false misconception that women gain opportunities at the expense of men's programs. There is no mandate under Title IX that requires the elimination of a men's team to achieve compliance.
The words of Secretary of Education Richard W. Riley in 1997 accurately reflect the accomplishments of Title IX. He stated, "What strikes me the most about the progress that has been achieved since Title XI was passed in 1972 is that there has been a sea of change in our expectations of what women can achieve. More important, women have shown skeptics again and again that females are fully capable of being involved as successful and active participants in every realm of American life."
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